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National History Day in Missouri 2008
"Conflict and Compromise in History"
Possible Missouri Topics
At the first meeting of our NHDMO Teacher Advisory Committee in 1999, members pointed out that many teachers find it difficult to help students select state-related topics for research. Many History Day teachers are not necessarily students of Missouri history. Even the ones whose degrees are in history may not have had the opportunity to take more than one or two courses devoted to the history of our state. Therefore, helping students select local topics is often difficult. The theme for National History Day 2008 is Conflict and Compromise in History. This list of Missouri-related subjects associated with that theme is intended to assist History Day teachers in helping students select topics for which primary source material might easily be available in local libraries and historical agencies around the state.
The topic choices are not meant to be all-inclusive, but reflect the interests of the NHDMO staff who developed this year's list: Lucinda Barnhart and student interns. We have attempted to suggest subject matter that can be studied on a local level and from local sources, but that lends itself to definition and interpretation on a much broader scale. We have tried to prompt thoughts of individuals, events, and concepts that made a difference on a national or international level, and to suggest things that students will come to see are important because of greater social, political, or economic implications. We hope that using the list in brainstorming sessions will make it easier for teachers to show their students that there may be a wealth of good documentation available close to home.
The lists of sources for these topics are far from comprehensive. They are, rather, a starting point. Many of the prompts came from sources likely to be found in school media centers and smaller public libraries, since the more recent publications and Internet sources were read for topic ideas. NHDMO does not recommend them as the best, or the most useful sources on Missouri history or on a particular topic, we are merely trying to furnish you with a starting point. Other topics may be suggested by the following books:
- Parrish, William E., Charles T. Jones, Jr., Lawrence O. Christensen. Missouri: The Heart of the Nation. Arlington Heights: H. Davidson, 1992.
- Greene, Lorenzo J., Gary F. Kremer, and Antonio Holland. Missouri’s Black Heritage. St. Louis: Forum Press, 1980.
- Christensen, Lawrence O., William E. Foley, Gary R. Kremer, and Kenneth Winn, eds. Dictionary of Missouri Biography. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999.
WHMC-C – All items that begin with WHMC-C/xxxx are in the holdings of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia, which is the location of the office of National History Day in Missouri. For more detailed descriptions, check the WHMC website at: http://whmc.umsystem.edu. They are available for use by students, but since most are collections of one-of-a-kind, original, historical documents, they must be used at WHMC. Some inter-library exchange of microfilmed documents is possible. Although the reference staff can answer some specific questions by phone, letter, or e-mail, most often the student should actually visit the repository to make best use of the collections. Please call 573/882-6028 or send e-mail to whmc@umsystem.edu for details. Collections also can be used at other WHMC branches in Kansas City, Rolla and St. Louis. Ask for details. Allow ample time because using manuscript materials takes longer than most students expect.
WHMC-SL, WHMC-KC, WHMC-R– Items that begin with WHMC-[R,KC,SL]/ xxxx are in the holdings of the WHMC branches in Rolla, Kansas City, or St. Louis. (Same cautions as above.)
In each set of sources, we have included at least one secondary source to provide background for the topic to help students discover how the topic fits into the broader history—its significance in the larger national or world scene.
One of the most palpable and commonly seen forms of conflict is War. Whether between nations, states, or small bands of citizens, wars have too often been a part of life in Missouri. Even before statehood, Missourians have continually answered the call of their nation to take up arms in time of need. Missouri’s involvement in this type of conflict begins when frontier settlers in Missouri are attacked by Native American tribes during the War of 1812. Many of the wars Missourians have been involved in are well-known, such as Vietnam or World War II, but others like the Mormon War and the Honey War are unique to Missouri.
The Osage War took place in southwestern Missouri when the few Osage Indians that remained in Missouri refused to leave. Militia units were called up and drove the Indian hunting parties into Arkansas and Kansas. This permanently ended the Indian’s hunting expeditions into Missouri which had been their tradition for years previous.
- State Historical Society of Missouri, Typescript Collection (WHMC-C0995). Item #65 in the typescript collection is a copy of the payrolls for the Missouri Militia which was mustered into service in 1837 in order to repel attacks by Osage Indians.
- Cottrell, Steve. The Osage War of 1837 (Austin, Texas: Western Publications, 1991). This is a reprint of an article which originally appeared in True West.
- Glenn, Robert A., "The Osage War," Missouri Historical Review, 14 (1919-20): 201-210. Describes the discrepancy between the treaties in which the Native Americans of Missouri renounced their land grants and the tribes repeated hunting incursions upon those lands.
- Godsey, Roy, "The Osage War, 1837," Missouri Historical Review, 20 (1925-26): 96-100. Describes the conflicts Missourians had with Native Americans beginning at the time of the Louisiana Purchase and continuing on until the forced expulsion of tribes in 1837.
Members of the Mormon Church in the early 1800s began journeying to Northwestern Missouri where they believed the second coming of Christ was to occur. In 1838 tensions mounted and Missourians attacked groups of Mormons living in Jackson County and other areas in response to fears that they were attempting to take political and economic control of the areas.
- Missouri Office of the Secretary of State, Mormon War Papers 1838-1841, typescripts, Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City, Missouri. State of Missouri documents regarding the Mormon conflict including Governor Bogg’s "Extermination Order."
- Bollinger, George Frederick, Letter, 1839 (WHMC-C2956). Letter from Bollinger to Charles Welling talking about business and how the Mormon war has affected it.
- LeSueur, Stephen C., The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987). Provides a modern perspective on the Mormon Conflict, by incorporating public and church documents.
- Switzler, William Franklin, "Mormonism and the Mormon War in Missouri: Story of the Rise and Fall of Joe Smith," The Midland Monthly Magazine, March, 1899. Describes the founding of Far West by Joseph Smith and the events that ultimately led to his downfall.
In the winter of 1839-1940 there arose a disagreement between Iowa and Missouri over rights to a strip of land approximately nine to eleven miles wide along the border. Eventually the U.S. Supreme Court settled the dispute by splitting the land equally between the states.
- State of Missouri v. State of Iowa, 160 US. 688 (1896). Supreme Court decision deciding the boundary between Missouri and Iowa.
- U.S. Congress. House. 27th Congress. 2d Session, Boundary between Missouri and Iowa : letter from the Secretary of State, March 11, 1842, MO 9 UN352b, Missouri Historical Society. A letter from the Secretary of State of Missouri to the Congress regarding the border conflict between Iowa and Missouri.
- Hayes, Troy L., "Missouri/Iowa Boundary Line Investigation," The American Surveyor, March/April 2006, 33-37. This article examines the results of the Honey War from the perspective of a modern day surveyor as a crew of surveyors search for large metal posts marking the Missouri and Iowa border. These posts were put in place after resolution of the original dispute and since their placement over 100 years ago can now be found in very interesting places, including backyards and even 10 feet beneath and Iowa highway.
- Vance, Joel M. "War was NEVER So Sweet," Missouri Conservationist, January 2007. An online version is available at http://www.mdc.mo.gov/conmag/1997/01/50.htm.
In 1846 the United States went to war with Mexico. Many Missourians fought in the Mexican war under Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan of Liberty and Colonel Sterling Price.
- Gentry, North Todd, Papers, 1837-1947 (WHMC-C49). Folder 120 contains documents detailing honors given to the "Boone Guards" as they left for service in the Mexican War in 1846.
- Harrison, C., Letter, 1847. (WHMC-C922). Letter to Mr. and Mrs. William Cave, Columbia, Missouri. Written by a soldier with Colonel Doniphan’s expedition into Mexico it describes army activities and general conditions in Chihuahua, Mexico.
- Missouri Office of the Adjutant General, Records of Service Cards, Missouri Infantry, 1846-1848, Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City, Missouri. The official record service cards of the 10 infantry regiments from Missouri that served during the Mexican War. There is also an online Soldier's Database available through the Missouri State Archives website.
- Dawson III, Joseph G, Doniphan’s Epic March: the 1st Missouri Volunteers in the Mexican War (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1999). Chapter one and two speak specifically about the formation of the 1st Missouri Volunteers and their mustering at Fort Leavenworth before marching on Mexico.
Free State Jayhawkers were guerilla fighters during the Bleeding Kansas conflict in the years leading up to the Civil War. The Jayhawkers raided Missouri border towns in an effort to keep slavery out of the Kansas Territory. Free State Jayhawkers must be distinguished from Civil War Jayhawkers because many of the groups who claimed to be Jayhawkers during the Civil War, in an effort to repel Missouri bushwhackers, actually held pro-slavery sentiment and previously had fought against the Free State Jayhawkers. Beginning in 1858 and on into the 1860s western Missourians suffered at the hands of the Kansas invaders who so vehemently opposed slavery that they engaged in acts that ranged from looting to murder.
- Christy, E.A., Letter, 1863, (WHMC-C1834). Letter to J.H. Marmon, February, 24, 1863. The letter discusses the Civil War, particularly jayhawkers and other marauding bands.
- Chapman, John A.J., Records, 1845-1863 (WHMC-C2987). Volume 1, Section 3 includes notes about the passage of jayhawkers and what they carried away during his term as Justice of the Peace in 1863.
- Breckenridge, William Clark (1862-1927), Papers, 1752-1927 (WHMC-C1036). Volume 4 is a scrapbook from the 1850s-1860s including engravings, newspaper clippings, and pictures regarding the Civil War.
- Starr, Stephen Z., Jennison’s Jayhawkers: A Civil War Cavalry Regiment and Its Commander (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1974). Starr’s work gives the history of the Jayhawkers from their genesis leading up to the end of the Civil War. This work clearly shows the difference between the pre-Civil War Jayhawkers and their counterparts who emerged during the Civil War.
In response to the repeated incursions of "Jayhawkers" from Kansas and the atrocities they committed against Missourians, in 1860 Governor Robert Stewart ordered the organization of a body of troops from St. Louis and Jefferson City to suppress the activities of the Kansas invaders. The force was known as the Southwest Expedition and despite their continued efforts to keep peace, border disputes continued through the Civil War.
- Alvord, Clarence W. and Idress Head Collection, 1759-1962 (WHMC-C970). Folder 212 includes the military records for the Southwest expedition.
- Missouri Office of the Secretary of State, Missouri-Kansas Border Troubles 1858-1860, Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City, Missouri. Includes pay accounts, general correspondence, and muster rolls of the Southwest Expedition.
- Tucker, Phillip T., "’Ho, For Kansas’: The Southwest Expedition of 1860," Missouri Historical Review, 86 (1991-92): 22-36. This article is particularly interesting because it doesn’t just describe the military events of the Southwest Expedition but also how the events surrounding it affected the citizens of Missouri.
- Phillips, Christopher, "The Crime Against Missouri: Slavery, Kansas, and the Cant of Southerness in the Border West," Civil War History, Vol. 48, No. 1 (2002): 60-81. In this article Phillips works to recast Missouri not as virulently pro-slavery aggressors but rather as reactors who, like the citizens of Kansas, were involved in a series of regrettable events during the 1860s.
In the most devastating and bloody conflict that the United States has ever seen women had to compromise their regular household duties to fit where they were needed. They also had to face the daily conflict with the slaves at home and any other threat to the property without the help of the men in their lives. Some women chose to accompany the men on the battlefield and their duties were varied.
- Stephens, Thomas, Diaries 1863-1864 (WHMC-C2282). Thomas Stephens was a corporal in the Civil War. He was originally from Indiana but fought in Missouri. After the war he settled in Missouri. He kept a detailed journal about the daily happenings. He noted, on occasion the conflicting roles that women had to assume when the men were at war. For example, some women traveled with the men and served as nurses. Then there were other women like his sister, with whom he corresponded on a regular basis, who had to stay at home and take care of running the house.
- Audsley, Francis Fairbank and Harriet Elizabeth, Papers, 1862-1912 (WHMC-C2374 f. 15). Using letters written back and forth between husband and wife, this collection highlights the everyday conflicts that women faced at home. In one letter she details an interesting conflict that she faced when Jesse James came to her home.
- Spain, Daphne, How Women Saved the Day (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001). The important roles that women had to assume when their husbands left for the war are documented in this book.
- Clinton, Catherine, Tara Revisited: Women War and the Plantation Legend (New York: Abbeville Press, 1997). Clinton uses wonderful illustrations to tell the story of the role of women in the South. She addresses the conflicts that women faced on a daily basis.
On April 2, 1917 the United States officially entered World War I. President Woodrow Wilson knew that as an all-volunteer army the United States would not be able to field an army capable of competing with the great armies of Europe. In response Wilson proposed a draft and was met with less than overwhelming support from Congress. But in May of 1917 with the help of Enoch Crowder, Provost Marshal of the Army from Missouri, and others Congress passed the Selective Service Act of 1917 giving President Wilson the power to draft men for military service.
- Crowder, Enoch H. (1859-1932), Papers, 1884-1942 (WHMC-C1046). Crowder’s personal papers include correspondence and other documentation of the proposal, passing, and implementation of the Selective Service Act.
- Crowder, Enoch H. The Spirit of Selective Service (New York: Century Co., 1920). In this work Crowder describes in his own words the reasons for instituting the Selective Service.
- Wilson, Woodrow. Statement: Army Bill, 19 May 1917 (Woodrow Wilson Press Statements, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library). Available online at http://wwl2.dataformat.com/Document.aspx?doc=28642.
This public statement makes very clear that Woodrow Wilson felt an all volunteer army would be insufficient for American involvement in WWI, and makes clear his intention to support a selective service measure.
- United States Provost Marshal General’s Bureau. Report of the Provost Marshal General to the Secretary of War on the First Draft under the Selective-Service Act, 1917 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1918. This report examines the effectiveness and implications of the initial implementation of the Selective Service Act.
When their country is at war young people are faced with the moral conflict of whether or not to fight for their country. Although the United States currently has an all volunteer military, there has been much conflict in the past over whether or not to instate the draft when there are not enough volunteers to staff the military services.
- Bennett, Marion T. Papers 1941-1949 (WHMC-C1043 f. 1378).
This folder contains very emotional letters from mothers begging for their sons’ deferment from the draft. These letters are particularly poignant because they are from the WWII era, a time period which is often perceived to have had strong support for fighting in the war.
- MU Peace Studies Institute, 1965-1979 (WHMC-C3694 f. 146).
The Vietnam War, unlike WWII, had a more difficult time recruiting men to fight. Many did not want to fight in a war that they may not have believed in or did not understand. Through correspondence and legislation this collection illuminates some of these difficulties.
- O’Hare, Kate Richards, Letters, 1919-1920 (WHMC-C3118 v. 1). Imprisoned for opposing the draft, O’Hare wrote letters home to her family. These letters were published in newspapers and then compiled in a book.
- O'Shaughnessy, William, More Rifts, Rants, and Raves / Gathered and Lived by William O'Shaughnessy. (New York: Fordham University Press, 2004).
This collection of "rifts and rants" contains soldier’s thoughts and feeling about draft dodgers.
- Satin, Mark. Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada. (Toronto: Toronto Anti-Draft Programme, 1969).
This manual is a guide for draft dodgers and during it’s time was considered extremely subversive. It is valuable to researchers because it sheds light on some of the reasons young men felt they needed to dodge the draft.
On March 5, 1946, nine months after failing to be reelected as Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill traveled with Harry S. Truman to Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. To a crowd of 40,000 Churchill gave his famous speech in which he stated "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent." Before this time the United States and Britain had been focused on reestablishing the economies of the Democratic West and failed to recognize the growing threat of Soviet Russia. Churchill’s speech marks a turning point in how the West viewed the growing Soviet bloc.
- Churchill Speech Interactive at http://www.churchill-speeches.com.
This online educational resource synchronizes original audio of the speech with a text version, analytical tools, and supporting commentary.
- "Churchill Warns of Red Bid for Power: Calls for British-U.S. Military Alliance in his Address here; Introduced by Pres. Truman," Fulton Daily Sun-Gazette, March 5, 1946.
A newspaper article describing public reaction to Churchill’s speech in Fulton.
- Muller, James W.; with assistance from the Churchill Center, Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech Fifty Years Later, (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1999.
A reexamination of Churchill’s speech fifty years after the fact which looks at how it helped to change foreign policy concerning the Soviet Russia.
Donald Nelson was the head of the War Productions Board during WWII. The board was established by executive order and had vast powers over the nation’s economic life. It was tasked with focusing the nation’s peacetime economy towards maximizing war production. During the war the WPB supervised the production of $185 billion worth of weapons and supplies. The WPB met its demise because of conflicts with a Senate committee headed by Harry S. Truman and frequent disputes with the armed services; soon after the defeat of Japan the WPB was discontinued. Donald Nelson grew up in Hannibal, Missouri and was educated at the University of Missouri.
- Time Magazine, Tooling Up, February 24, 1941.
Feature article about Donald Nelson’s work. Nelson was picture on the cover of the issue.
- Nelson, Donald Marr, Arsenal of Democracy, the Story of American War Production (New York, Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1946).
Nelson provides a first person account of his time heading for the War Productions Board.
- Marshall, George C., Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army including army air forces, 1941 - 4/14/42. The Franklin D. Roosevelt Museum and Library, Box 3. An online version is available at http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box3/folt43.html
Includes documents detailing the mobilization of the War Productions Board in response to American intervention in World War II.
- Edwin A. Lock Jr., Papers, 1941-1953. The Harry Truman Presidential Museum and Library.
Boxes 5-7 include documents detailing trips abroad by Nelson and information regarding the War Productions Board.
General Bradley was a commander of U.S. and allied troops in WWII and was from Missouri. Following the war Bradley served as Administrator of Veterans affairs, the United States Army Chief of Staff, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Bradley did not just fight military battles he also spent much of his life after the war fighting for veterans’ benefits and medical care.
- Cannon, Clarence, Papers, Veterans, August-December, 1947 (WHMC-C2342 f. 3031).
Copy of an August 1, 1947 letter form Omar Bradley outlining a program to re-study and re-evaluate plans for the construction of VA hospitals.
- Muench, James F., Five Stars: Missouri’s Most Famous Generals (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006).
Chapter six focuses on General Omar Bradley.
- Bradley, Omar N., A General’s Life: An Autobiography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983).
A personal account of Bradley’s life.
- Bradley, Omar N., A Soldier’s Story (Henry Holt and Company, 1951).
Incorporates personal narratives and accounts of various campaigns from 1939-1945.
Along with wars come strong feelings by the public in support or opposition to the conflict. The Vietnam War was no different; in fact it produced some of the most well known public discussions and demonstrations. Missourians, much like the rest of the country, often had divided feelings about the war and citizens from the highest level of politicians to students were not afraid to create a public discourse on the matter.
- Symington, W. Stuart (1901-1988) Papers, 1918-1995 (WHMC-C3874 box 303).
One of the unique problems of Vietnam was the conflict over whether or not to officially declare war. This box gives an excellent insight to the conflict over a formal declaration of war, and the added responsibilities that would accompany the formal declaration.
- Karsten, Frank M. Papers 1943-1968 (WHMC-C3485 f. 3670).
This folder contains correspondence pertaining to Vietnam. Letters from Missouri soldiers are also included and provide particularly interesting insight.
- Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, more Distant Drums, ed. Marc Jason Gilbert (Westport, Connecticut: Prager, 2001).
This is a collection of articles that were in various publications during Vietnam. It identifies the various issues that were part of the public discourse on Vietnam.
During the turbulent 60s and 70s college campuses became a hotbed for ant-Vietnam war demonstrations. The University of Missouri-Columbia was no different. Multiple student and faculty organizations were founded in opposition to the war as well as protests held on and around the campus.
- Schuder, John C., Papers, 1964-1975 (WHMC-C3915).
John Schuder was an officer in the Columbia, Missouri, Chapter of the Fellowship of Reconciliation and a member of the Anti-War moratorium Committee. His papers consist of correspondence, speeches, newspaper clippings, and photographs regarding various anti-war organizations from 1964-1975.
- Rollins, James H., Papers, 1961-1980 (WHMC-3056).
James H. Rollins was a black civil rights activist and University of Missouri law student who collected newspaper clippings and other printed materials related to contemporary political conditions in Columbia and at the University of Missouri. Folders 4, 7, and 11-13 contain material related to civil unrest and protests in reaction to the War in Vietnam.
- May 1970: Birth of the Antiwar University, (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1971).
Includes 17 articles which originally appeared in The Militant, May-June 1970.
The United States was founded under the principals that all men were created equal and deserve to be treated likewise. But the goal of social equality laid out by our founding is not yet realized. Americans, including Missourians, have worked hard for over 200 years to improve social equality. Change is not easy though, and many conflicts have arisen as societal norms are challenged in order to create a more equal society. Compromise has been a tool used in order quell conflicts and help pursue a more socially equal society.
A conflict among slave owners was how well they should provide for their slaves. If they provided too little their slaves could get sick and not be able to work. If they provided too well for their slaves then it could become an unnecessary expense. So a compromise had be made as too what and how much an owner should provide.
- St. Genevieve Archives (WHMC-C3636 f. 1109).
This collection contains very interesting documents and receipts about how much some owners spent on slaves. There is another particular court document where a lost slave was found and he was dressed "very well" for a slave. He was dressed so well the court raised a question that the slave might have stolen from his owner. The slave said that his owner had died. The court had a difficult time believing this.
- Greene, Lorenzo, Missouri’s Black Heritage (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993).
This book contains vital information about the conflict of what to provide the slaves with. Some slaves in Missouri went without shoes even in the harsh Missouri winter.
- Foster, Helen Bradley, New Raiment’s of Self: African American Clothing in the Antebellum South (Oxford, New York: 1997).
For the researchers who are not familiar with the terminology that people use to describe the materials of the clothing of the slaves this book contains a wonderful glossary. The book also dedicates specific chapters to specific items of clothing. And the conflict of shoes or no shoes is also addressed.
The homes that slaves lived in were often less than adequate, to say the least. Some owners could choose to build larger homes but thought that would just be a waste of revenue. The homes that slaves lived in served to further remind them of their second class status as humans.
- Breckenridge, William Clark Papers (WHMC-C1036 v. 7).
The awful description of places that slaves had to spend the night is recorded here. Descriptions of "pens" that held the slaves in St. Louis the night before or after an auction was to take place are accounted in this collection.
- Gaddis, Merrill E., Collection 1941-1955 (WHMC-C3961 f. 6, 11, 12, 18, 26, 37, 31, 59, 66, 110, 124).
The collection is considered a secondary source because it is a collection of papers written on historic homes in Missouri. The homes also have pictures and descriptions of the slave quarters if they still exist on the property. They range from shacks to actual brick buildings. Usually the number of people who lived in the home was also recorded.
- Bial, Raymond, The Strength of these Arms: Life in the Slave Quarters (Houghton Mifflin, 1997).
This book contains lots of pictures which illustrate the way slaves had to live. The pictures are a perfect way of viewing the conflict of the slave owner, to provide or not provide adequate shelter for another human family.
- Rawick, George P., From Sunup to Sundown: The Making of a Black Community (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Company 1972). When this was initially published a different side of the slave community was exposed. The slaves were no longer just property. Rawick did what he could to portray the human side of the slaves and what they did as a community to get through their ordeal. The book includes amazing interviews with ex-slaves. An entire chapter is dedicated to the homes that the slaves made for themselves; this included the actual physical structure to the community that they created.
Slaves faced the internal conflict to succumb to their masters or to resist, often in the face of grave personal danger. Some chose to resist in a violent manner while others chose to compromise and pursue non-violent, but sometimes passive-aggressive behavior.
- Mendenhall, Willard H. (1832-1910) Diaries (WHMC-C3866).
This diary was given to Mendenhall in 1860 but entries do not become consistent until 1862. The entries which mention slaves running away are very interesting. Usually when a slave would run away he would also do something like let the cows or horses lose. This created a distraction and a real inconvenience for the master since not only did he have to look for a slave he also had to round up the cattle.
- McLaurin, Melton, Celia, a Slave (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991).
This book deals with a slave, Celia, from Fulton, Missouri. She chose the ultimate form of resistance, she killed her master. She was only 18 when she killed him. The book is based on her true story and uses court documents to retell the court proceedings. Unfortunately details about her life before the court appearances are sparse so the book contains significant amounts of speculation.
- Mullin, Gerald W., Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972).
This work uses examples of slave resistance in Virginia to demonstrate the different forms that rebellion took.
The creation of Missouri as a state was a compromise itself. To allow or not allow slavery was the conflict it arose out of. In the end Missouri was admitted to the union as a slave state and as part of the compromise, Maine was admitted as a free state. After Missouri created a constitution that included slavery, both the issue of owning slaves and the treatment of them by individual masters created moral conflict.
After slavery was banned in the United States, many people still believed that the free blacks were inferior to whites. Racial conflicts led to an era of violent extralegal murders. Missouri was not excluded from this phenomenon. Lynching was a brutal form of mob violence that continued long after the Civil War.
- Bell, C Jasper, Papers Legislation, 1934-1948 (WHMC-C2306 f. 3036).
Anti-Lynching reforms are discussed in this collection. Something had to be done to bring justice to people taking the law into their own hands. Many letters included support the reforms and some more disturbing letters oppose them. The letters and the proposed legislation fall anywhere between late 1935 through 1947, as time progresses the letters begin to get stronger on both sides.
- Bennett, Marion T., Papers 1941-1949 (WHMC-C1043).
Various lynchings in Missouri are mentioned. The anti-lynching bill was still being presented but this time more people were pressing that it be passed into law.
- Waldrep, Christopher, Lynching in America: A History of Documents (New York University Press, 2006).
Beginning with an essay written by Ida B. Wells, a famous civil rights and anti-lynching activist, this collection of documents provides excellent insight into the era when lynching was common. These articles wrestle with the conflict of mobs carrying out extralegal murders. Some compromises that arose from this era are documented also. This is a very good source to gain insight into how people responded to lynching.
- Missouri, University of, President’s Office Papers, F.A. Middlebush (WHMC-C2582).
April 29, 1923 James T. Scott was a janitor at the University of Missouri. He was accused a raping a white professor’s daughter. Scott was being held in the jail when the mob overtook the jail and took Scott to Stewart Bridge. After the lynching many newspapers across the United States blamed the students of the University for organizing the mob. That was not the case however, and the letters in this collection explain the student involvement.
- Corder-Thomas Family Papers 1861-1961 (WHMC-C3639).
After confessing to raping a white school teacher Raymond Gunn was arrested. The Missouri National Guard had been called in to protect the prisoner but this was not enough to overpower the mob. At 9:30 the mob overtook the sheriff and took Gunn to the school house where the assault was said to have taken place. This diary includes the lynching from an average citizen’s perspective. It is said that approximately 2,000 people witnessed the lynching. The entry is short but contains vital details about the murder. The entry corresponds with the date of the lynching showing how fast news traveled.
- Donnell, F.C. Gubernatorial Papers, 1941-1945 (WHMC-C194 f. 3599-3627).
The lynching of Cleo Wright happened after the biggest wave of lynchings in Missouri had ended. In Sikeston, Missouri a mob overtook Wright while he was injured from gun shot wounds in prison. This collection gives insight into the reactions of the people of Sikeston and surrounding areas on this action. Some are outcries denouncing the lynching while some support and admire of the men who committed the lynching. The collection contains correspondence from as far a way as New York. These letters provide a perfect example of the conflicts that people felt about lynching.
- Capeci, Dominic J, The Lynching of Cleo Wright (University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
The events leading up to the lynching of Cleo Wright are well documented in this 200+ page book. The history of Sikeston in the book provides more depth to the story. This book is very useful for anyone interested in 20th century lynchings.
A strong post Civil-War black leader who served as the secretary for the Missouri Radicals. Turner was born a slave and after serving in the Civil War became an important black leader in Missouri, particularly in regard to black education. Later, Turner also served as the U.S. minister to Liberia.
- State Historical Society of Missouri, Typescript Collection (WHMC-C0995).
Item #523 includes information gathered by SHS about James Milton Turner, including newspaper clippings.
- University of Missouri-St. Louis Black History Project (1980-1983) Collection, 1895-1983 (WHMC-SL201 f. 93, 128).
Includes information about important individuals in Missouri’s black history, including James Milton Turner.
- Benecke Family V. 49, Louis Benecke’s Letterbook No. 1, August 11, 1908 – November 30, 1911. (WHMC-C3825).
March 6, 1911 letter in response to John Milton Turner’s request for a military pension. Describes Benecke’s personal knowledge of Turner’s military service.
- Christensen, Lawrence O., "Schools for Blacks: J. Milton Turner in Reconstruction Missouri," Missouri Historical Review 76 (1981-82): 121-135. This article looks directly at Turner’s struggle for schools during reconstruction in Missouri.
When the government of Kansas City refused, following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., to declare a holiday and cancel school for King's funeral, preexisting racial tensions exploded into all-out rioting. The riots lasted for days and were only quelled when strict curfews and thousands of police and national guardsmen were brought in. The Kansas City riots were just one of dozens of race riots that took place across the nation following the King assassination.
- Curtis, Thomas B., Papers, 1950-1969. (WHMC-C3300).
Folder 8026 includes an article titled "Post mortem of Riot in Kansas City: Why did the town explode?" and correspondence detailing interviews with rioters. Folders 8172-8183 include correspondence from concerned constituents regarding riots and how they should be handled by the government.
- Brookfield, Dutton, Papers, 1844-1979. (WHMC-C2732).
Folder 2767 contains "Our City in Racial Ferment." A reprint of multiple articles from the Kansas City star which was the work of five reporters examining the aftermath of the Kansas City riots.
- The Kansas City Times and Star, April 10-15, 1968.
Newspaper documentation as the riots unfolded.
- Rhodes, Joel P., "It Finally Happened Here: The 1968 Riot in Kansas City, Missouri." M.A. Theses, Department of History, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 1996.
Rhodes’ thesis examines the historical and sociological conditions both nationally and locally which devolved into the riots of 1968.
On July 2, 1917, thousands of white citizens of St. Louis, in apparent response to the death of two police officers, marched into the black section of town and began rioting. The rioters proceeded to burn large sections of the city and attack black citizens as they rushed to escape the fire. The National Guard was called in to quell the violence but many reports following the riot claimed that the guardsmen joined in on the rioting rather than stopped it.
- St. Louis Post Dispatch, July 3, 1917.
Articles and photos detailing the riots. Articles include: "24 Negroes Killed in East St. Louis," and "Post-Dispatch Man, an Eye-Witness, Describes Massacre of Negroes."
- Rudwick, Elliott M., Race Riot at East St. Louis, July 2, 1917 (Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1964).
Describes the racial tension in St. Louis that led to the riot and gives an account of the riot.
- McLaughlin, Malcolm. Power, Community, and Racial Killing in East St. Louis (New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
Also describes the riot but also takes a modern look at the social implications of the riot.
In opposition to South Africa's brutal apartheid practices, the students and faculty of UMC came together and turned the quad into a shanty town. This action was to the dismay of some of the community who felt that the cardboard boxes were an eye sore. It was all done to renounce the support of an apartheid that the University sponsored. Conflicts quickly arose between students, faculty, and law enforcement but were solved civilly through compromise.
- Weitzel, Carla, Papers. 1970-1999 (WHMC-C2154 f. 1-54, 58-73, 76, 86,93-96, 103, 107, 108, 111-115, 117-119, 126, 127, 129, 131).
This collection contains newspaper clippings detailing the demonstrations. The folders listed all have articles which pertain directly to the shanty-town. The articles range from the St. Louis Post Dispatch to the University of Missouri’s own Maneater.
- Huyngh, Quang Nhuong Papers (WHMC-C3997 f. 239).
This award winning author, who resided in Columbia, wrote to the newspaper on many occasions. This folder contains letters pertaining to the shanty-town on campus.
- Culverson, Donald R., Contesting Apartheid: U.S. Activism, 1960-1987 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1999).
Provides a history of anti-apartheid activism in the United States.
Women’s fashions have come a long way and during times of transition, many fashions caused major conflicts between manufactures and parents. In the end, the social pressures and shifting sets of values forced compromises in women’s fashions to be made.
- Alvord, Clarence W. (1868-1928) and Idress Head (1873-1962) Collection, 1759-1962 (WHMC-C970 f. 1078).
In the world of women’s evening gowns many compromises had to be made. This magazine article from Thursday, October 29, 1925 explains how a woman should dress to appear tasteful. For example a woman could show her arms but not her legs, or a woman could show her neck, but not her arms.
- Conley-Miller Family, Papers, 1972-1967 (WHMC-C3693 f. 313,320).
Photos of early 20th century women provide excellent insight into the world of fashion and illustrate how much women’s fashion has changed.
- Black, J Anderson, A History of Fashion (New York: Morrow, 1995). This book does not have many pictures but adequately documents the history of conflicts that could arise from many different fashion outlets, including stores that were hesitant to sell "radical" clothing.
- Schorman, Rob, Selling Style: Clothing and Social Change at the Turn of the Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003). This book will really spark the interests of students interested in the conflict of fashion with women "dressing like men." Women were said to be dressing like men when they wore pants instead of dresses. During the early 1900’s that type of apparel was very controversial and this book explores the compromises that were made so women could wear pants.
Constant conflicts arise between the sexes when one is fighting for rights that another wants to keep to themselves. Some men in the workforce did not want women to become competitors for their jobs. A compromise had to be reached in order for both groups to feel that they had achieved the equality that they deserved.
- Women’s Political Caucus, Columbia, Missouri, Papers, 1971-1977 (WHMC-C3550 f. 3, 7, 39).
This collected details how Columbia women joined the national demand for compromise to allow for advancement of women. The folders specified have documents specific to this conflict between the sexes.
- American Association of University Professors, Missouri Conference Records 1958-1982 (WHMC-C746 f. 66).
Women’s rights in this affirmative action conflict are discussed at length in this collection. Folder 66 contains valuable notes from a meeting discussing this topic at length and what should be done.
- Harrison, Faye Venetia, Resisting Racism and Xenophobia: Global Perspectives on Race, Gender, and Equal Rights (Walnut Creek, California: Alta Mira Press, 2005).
This book deals with the history surrounding the conflicts that groups of people have historically faced. Chapter four of this book deals specifically with Missouri’s struggle to create compromises to promote equality.
- Crosby, Faye J., "Understanding Affirmative Action," Annual Review of Psychology, v. 57 585-611 2006.
Psychological aspects of the conflict are discussed in this article. The history of what women have gone through for equality in the work place is examined.
Whether or not women should be allowed to become ordained ministers is an ongoing conflict within many church denominations. The conflict is one which stirs up vehement support or opposition and a compromise must be reached if women are to be involved in church services.
- Missouri East Conference, United Methodist Church records (WHMC-C3727).
This collection illustrates the lack of conflict that Methodists feel about allowing women to preach. The applicants for minister status simply cited belief in Jesus Christ as a qualification for the job. Many women applied and were accepted even though they usually had less theological training than men. Applications fall between 1910 and1980.
- Feldman, Glenn, Politics and Religion in the White South (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005).
This book is a good juxtaposition to the previous source which celebrated women in the clergy. Various religions are used as examples, mainly Catholic and Protestant churches. It shows the many qualms that people had and still have about the conflict of allowing women in the clergy.
- Belleville, Linda L., Two views on women in ministry (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005).
By giving conflicting arguments to the ongoing debate on whether women should be allowed to be ministers or not, this book is invaluable to anyone researching the history of women in ministry.
- Chittister, Joan, Women, Ministry and the Church (New York: Paulist Press, 1983).
This book examines the Catholic Church who refuses to compromise their histories and allow women to preach. The female author examines the significant role that women have played in this denomination and new ways to examine this conflict.
Throughout history, incarcerated women have called for many rights, such as free healthcare, that many women on the outside are not even provided. Many ask "Why should prisoners be treated better than some law-abiding citizens?" The prisoners argue that they are in such close quarters that they need additional medical attention. In the prison system, where can compromises exist? What is too much and what is too little?
- Prisoner Advocacy and Education Project, Records 1880-1885 (WHMC-C3111 f. 4-5, 25).
The need for personal contact is made apparent through letters from prisoners to a radio show dedicated to women prisoners. Men and women’s needs are different and these letters illustrate the compromise that women are willing to make to have some kind of contact to the outside world. This collection also contains a letter from an attorney representing these incarcerated women. The letter describes many conflicts in their health and well-being that these women face on a daily basis in prison.
- Benecke Family Papers (WHMC-C3825 f. 427).
A conflict that both men and women face when they are being punished for breaking laws by being incarcerated is leaving their children in someone else’s care. In a document with various court proceedings it is recorded on June 13, 1872 that the mayor of Brunswick, Missouri issued a payment of only three dollars to a person who would be caring for a woman’s children while she was imprisoned.
- Butler, Ann M., Gendered Justice in the American West: Women in Men’s Penitentiaries (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997).
This book provides detailed history of the evolution of women’s detaining facilities. This book starts from the beginning when women were just placed with the men to the creation of separate prisons for the women.
Alexander William Doniphan was born in Mason County, Kentucky but after being admitted to the bar in 1830 began practicing law in Lexington, Missouri. Though he was known as an exceptional lawyer, he will be mostly remembered by his military career. While leading the state militia he arrested the Mormon prophet Joseph Smith, but when he was given a direct order to execute Smith, Doniphan refused on the moral grounds that the order was illegal. Doniphan also helped to defend the Mormons in the courtroom, acting as a court appointed lawyer in the cases against the Latter-Day Saints' leaders following the Mormon conflict.
- Violette, E.M. Collection, 1806-1921. Mormon Inquest Testimony, 1938 (WHMC-C1033). Folders 1-8 document the testimony during the trial of Mormon leaders following the Mormon War. During this trial Alexander W. Doniphan acted as a court appointed attorney for the defendants.
- Smith, Joseph Jr., History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, ed. B.H. Roberts, 2nd ed., rev. 7 Vols. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1971).
A complete history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints written by the son of its founder.
- Launius, Roger D., Alexander William Doniphan: Portrait of a Missouri Moderate (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997).
Chapter 3 is devoted to Doniphan’s involvement in the Mormon conflict.
The Great Depression took a large economic toll on all elements of society during the 1920s and 30s; in response, farmers in Missouri banded together and formed the Missouri Farmers Association. This was the first organization which allowed farmer-owned businesses to compete with investor-owned interests. The MFA helped resolve conflict between farmers and business interests, and between farmers themselves. The MFA itself experienced conflict in 1979 when its longtime leader Fred Heinkel was ousted.
- Hirth, William (1875-1940), Papers, 1925-1934 (WHMC-C42).
The papers of William Hirth, a farm leader, organizer, and president of the Missouri Farmers Association (MFA), consist of correspondence, newspaper articles, and radio speeches. The material pertains to Missouri Farmers Association business activities, state and national politics, and The Missouri Farmer, official publication of the Missouri Farmers Association.
- Heinkel, Fred V., Papers, 1930s-1980s, (WUNP4330).
This collection includes the papers of the former longtime president of the MFA.
- Young, Raymond A. Cultivating Cooperation: A History of the Missouri Farmers Association (University of Missouri Press, 1995).
A complete history of the organization Chapters 4 and 11 are of particular interest. Chapter 4 deals with the organizations political struggles during the Hirth era and Chapter 11 deals with the internal conflict surrounding Heinkel’s ousting.
In July of 1917, longstanding disputes between the mining companies, foreign laborers, and native born mine workers erupted into a series of riots. Much of the workers anger was taken out on the foreign laborers, who were subsequently driven out of their jobs and the community. The Governor would eventually have to send in state troops in order to quell the violence.
- Hyde, Arthur Mastick, Papers, 1913-1954 (WHMC-C7 f. 746).
Correspondence with the U.S. Department of State regarding Spanish nationals who were involved in the riots of 1917. Includes copies of the mining company’s records regarding the riots.
- Dempsey, L. Walter, Stenographer’s Notes, 1917 (WHMC-C3016).
L. Walter Dempsey was the clerk of the Federal Lead Company. Dempsey was commandeered by the state militia to take the statements of people brought in for questioning during the indictments following the riots; these are his notes from those interviews.
- Bonne Terre Weekly News, July 19, 1917 and July 26, 1917.
Two articles entitled "The Trouble in the Lead Belt" describe the riots, expulsion of immigrant workers, and the arrival of the National Guard during July of 1917.
- Lawson, V.L., The Lead Belt Mining Riot of 1917 (Missouri: s.n., 1976).
Provides one of the few complete histories of an event which is often overlooked by history despite the fact that it was reported in the New York Times and many felt the future of the mines could determine the outcome of World War I.
In September 1954, a horrible trend of prison riots and uprisings that had been sweeping the nation struck in Missouri. There was an extremely quick response by prison officials, the Missouri State Highway Patrol, and the National Guard. Though the riot lasted less than 20 hours, millions of dollars of damage was done, and prisoners and guards alike were both injured and killed. Many reasons have been put forth as to the cause of the riot, including covering up the killing of a man who snitched on the St. Louis mafia and poor living conditions which included lice infested straw tick mattresses and bug-ridden food.
- The Kansas City Times and Star, September 23-24, 1954.
Articles like "Fiery Missouri Prison Riot," and "Residents of Capital are in Grip of Both Fear and Curiosity," as it unfolded on the 23rd and its aftermath.
- Donnelly, Phil M., Papers, 1944-1957 (WHMC-C2151).
Folder 7160 includes transcripts of interviews with prison employees following the riot.
- Blunt, Roy D. and Gary R. Kremer, "The 1954 Missouri Prison Riot and the Image of the Highway Patrol," Missouri Historical Review 87 (1992-93): 293-305.
This article details the riot from the point of view of the highway patrol and its amazing response to the riot.
- Maloney, J.J., "In the Wake of a Riot," Crimemagazine.com, http://crimemagazine.com/stidham.htm.
This online article attacks the theory that the 1954 riot was started in order to kill the famous stool pigeon Walter Lee Donnell.
Conflict and violence, though often under the auspices of war, occur during peacetime also. These kinds of conflicts usually result from conflict between individuals, conflict with the law, or citizens objecting to public policy. In Missouri this type of conflict has not necessarily been violent; it has taken the form of political action, protests, and artistic expression. When the conflicts have turned violent though, Missourians have often looked to compromise in order to promptly subdue hostility. Missourians have a rich political history and many times have been more willing to resolve conflict in the political arena or with protest than with violence.
How to deal with a person who has disgraced you or your family was a conflict in the antebellum period predating the Civil War. Duels were prevalent during the 1600’s until approximately the mid 1800’s.
- Breckenridge, William Clark Papers (WHMC-C1036 v. 7).
These news clippings from the late 1800’s provide valuable insight into the history of dueling in Missouri. Some infamous duelers from Missouri are recorded here.
- Smith, Thomas Adams, Papers 1798-1864 (WHMC-C1029 f. 18-20).
These folders contain correspondence and legislation about how Missourians felt about dueling. By the end of the 1860’s more and more felt that the activity was outdated and needed to be outlawed. Creating actual legislation on dueling would be difficult since it was usually done outside of the law and few were ever prosecuted over a duel.
- Wyatt-Brown, Bertran, Honor and Violence in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
A great resource for information on the topic, this work has easily navigable chapters and an extensive bibliography.
- Williams, Jack K., Dueling in the Old South: Vignettes of Social History (Texas A&M University Press, 1980).
This short work provides a great framework for understanding duels.
The location of UM was disputed in 1867 because Columbia was felt to be an inappropriate location for learning because of the large conservative population. Plans were made to move the university to Jefferson City, but because of the effort of Representative James S. Rollins, the move was stopped.
- James S. Rollins (1812-1888), Papers, 1546-1968. (WHMC-C1026).
Folders 95-101 and 195-196 include correspondence and political papers from 1867.
- Rollins, James S., A plea for the farmers, mechanics and miners of Missouri : Speech of Hon. James S. Rollins, of Boone Co. Delivered in the Senate of the State of Missouri, March 19, 1872, on the bill making an appropriation for the benefit of the "Agricultural and mechanical college," and the "School of mines and metallurgy," departments in the University of the state of Missouri (St. Louis: R.P. Studley, 1872).
This speech delivered by Rollins details how important he feels supporting the University of Missouri is.
- Rollins, James S., Letters & Speeches of James S. Rollins (1877).
Includes various speeches dealing with the controversy surrounding the University of Missouri-Columbia
- Smith, William Benjamin, James Sidney Rollins, A Memoir, (New York: De Vinne Press, 1891).
Pg. 40 begins a section dealing directly with Rollins’ return from Washington and his involvement with the conflict over the University of Missouri.
The James brothers and their cohorts fought guerilla campaigns in Missouri during the Civil War and following the war they formed a gang which created havoc across Missouri. They are some of the most famous outlaws both in Missouri and in the world and they were born and raised in Missouri.
- Shouse, Thomas Riley, "My Father Planned the James Boy’s Capture," 1959. (WHMC-C2122).
An article by Shouse recounting his father’s story. John W. Shouse was commissioned in February of 1882 to capture, but not kill, the James brothers.
- James, Frank, Jury Photograph, 1883. (WHMC-C2257).
Photograph of the jury that acquitted Frank James at Gallatin, Missouri in 1883. John F. Phillips, counsel for James, sent the photo to R.H. Jesse, President of the University of Missouri, April 10, 1903.
- Clay County Savings Association Robbery Description, 1866. (WHMC-C693).
Account of the robbery which was later attributed to Jesse James.
- Robinson, J. Dennis. Jesse James: Legendary Rebel and Outlaw (Minneapolis, Minnesota: Compass Point Book, c2007).
A detailed examination, including illustrations, of the life of a guerrilla fighter who became of the nations most notorious bank and train robbers.
The politicians who commissioned Thomas Hart Benton to paint the mural in the Missouri state capitol building had an idea of what they wanted him to paint. The "Social History of the State of Missouri" he painted, including less than reputable characters from Missouri’s past, was not well received and a great controversy over the mural ensued.
- Park, Guy Brasfield, Papers, 1932-1937 (WHMC-C8).
Folder 2121 includes the contract for the execution of mural painting for House of Representatives Lounge Room in Capitol Building at Jefferson City, Missouri. August 2, 1935.
- Morrison, I.G., Papers, 1940. (WHMC-C2174).
"Thomas Hart Benton Murals in the Missouri State Capitol: an interpretive Lecture by I.G. Morrison," and a letter from Thomas Hart Benton to Morrison September 14, 1940.
- The Art History of Missouri by Paul Conner: The Missouri State Capitol.
Available at http://www.geocities.com/soho/exhibit/5437/THBind.html. This website is part of a project by Paul Connor chronicling art throughout Missouri history. This particular section has to do with the history of "The Social History of the State of Missouri," including amazing pictures.
- Edelman, Nancy. The Thomas Hart Benton Mural in the Missouri State Capitol: A Social History of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City: Missouri State Council on the Arts, 1975).
A short work including illustrations about Benton’s mural.
Chopin's masterpiece novel, The Awakening, drew controversy because its subject matter was considered immoral.
- Chopin, Kate. The Awakening (Chicago; New York: H.S. Stone & Company, 1899). An online version is also available at: http://www.pagebypagebooks.com/Kate_Chopin/The_Awakening_and_Selected_Short_Stories/.
- Chopin, Kate, Kate Chopin's Private Papers/Edited by Emily Toth and Per Seyersted; associate editor, Cheyenne Bonnell, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998). (St.L. 810 C455p2), The Missouri Historical Society).
Includes correspondence of Sue V. Moore, publisher of St. Louis Life from 1890-1896, to Kate Chopin, on response to The Awakening.
- Bender, Bert, The Teeth of Desire: The Awakening and The Descent of Man, American Literature, Vol. 63, No. 3, Sept., 1991, pp. 459-473.
Review of the content and social impact of Kate Chopin’s works The Awakening and The Descent of Man.
In 1975, Union Electric began planning the construction of a nuclear power facility near Fulton, Missouri. The project immediately faced extensive protest and outcry from local and national organizations. Though individuals and organizations vehemently fought the construction plan, the Callaway Nuclear Generating Station began operating on October 18, 1984.
- Haim, Mark, Collection, c. 1976-1989 (WHMC-WUNP5796)
Boxes 1 and 2, and the oversized materials include correspondence, promotional materials, newspaper clippings, background and research materials for Missourians for Safe Energy (MSE) and their fight against the Callaway Nuclear Power Plant. This collection includes both primary and secondary source material.
- Crawdad Alliance (1979- ), Records, 1979-1982 (WHMC-SL97).
The Crawdad Alliance was created to halt the use and construction of nuclear power plants through non-violent civil disobedience. In 1980 and 1981 it conducted two protests against Union Electric’s plant near Fulton. The collection includes a civil disobedience training manual, handbills, news clippings, newsletters, and an oral history with Dan Brogan, one of the founders.
- Coalition for the Environment Records Addenda, 1969-1984 (WHMC-SL453).
Folders 39-77 include the Coalition’s petitions to intervene in Union Electric’s request to build a nuclear reactor in Callaway County as well as, Safety Evaluation Reports, environment and site suitability correspondence, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission construction regulations.
- Burwell, C.C., Ohanian, M.J., Weinberg, A.m., "A Siting Policy for an Acceptable Nuclear Future," Science 204, no. 4397 (1979): 1043-1051.
This article, though is does not specifically discuss the Callaway facility, discusses the methodology behind selecting Nuclear Power Plant locations in order to reduce public objections as well as for reasoning of functionality.
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