National History Day in Missouri 2004
"Exploration, Encounter, Exchange in History"
Possible Missouri Topics

At the first meeting of our NHDMO Teacher Advisory Committee in 1999, members pointed out that many teachers find it difficult to help students select state-related topics for research. Many History Day teachers are not necessarily students of Missouri history. Even the ones whose degrees are in history may not have had the opportunity to take more than one or two courses devoted to the history of our state. Therefore, helping students select local topics is often difficult. The theme for National History Day 2004 is Exploration, Encounter, Exchange in History. This list of Missouri-related subjects associated with that theme is intended to assist History Day teachers in helping students select topics for which primary source material might be easily available in local libraries and historical agencies around the state.

The topic choices are not meant to be all-inclusive, but reflect the interests of the NHDMO student intern who developed this year's list, Rebecca Zurovec, a history major at the University of Missouri-Columbia. She has attempted to suggest subject matter that can be studied on a local level and from local sources, but that lends itself to definition and interpretation on a much broader scale. She has tried to prompt thoughts of individuals, events, and concepts that made a difference on a national or international level, and to suggest things that students will come to see are important because of greater social, political, or economic implications. We hope that using the list in brainstorming sessions will make it easier for teachers to show their students that there may be a wealth of good documentation available close to home.

The lists of sources for these topics are far from comprehensive. They are, rather, a starting point. Many of the prompts came from sources likely to be found in school media centers and smaller public libraries, since the more recent publications and Internet sources were read for topic ideas. NHDMO does not recommend them as the best, or the most useful sources on Missouri history or on a particular topic, we are merely trying to furnish you with a starting point.

Many of the topics were suggested by the following books:

• Parrish, William E., Charles T. Jones, Jr., Lawrence O. Christensen. Missouri: The Heart of the Nation. Arlington Heights: H. Davidson, 1992.
• Greene, Lorenzo J., Gary F. Kremer, and Antonio Holland. Missouri's Black Heritage. St. Louis: Forum Press, 1980.
• Christensen, Lawrence O., William E. Foley, Gary R. Kremer, and Kenneth Winn, eds. Dictionary of Missouri Biography. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999.

WHMC-C – All items that begin with WHMC-C/xxxx are in the holdings of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia, which is the location of the office of National History Day in Missouri. For more detailed descriptions, check the WHMC website at: http://whmc.umsystem.edu/. They are available for use by students, but since most are collections of one-of-a-kind, original, historical documents, they must be used at WHMC. Some inter-library exchange of microfilmed documents is possible. Although the reference staff can answer some specific questions by phone, letter, or e-mail, most often the student should actually visit the repository to make best use of the collections. Please call 573/882-6028 or send e-mail to whmc@umsystem.edu for details. Collections also can be used at other WHMC branches in Kansas City, Rolla and St. Louis. Ask for details. Allow ample time because using manuscript materials takes longer than most students expect.

WHMC-SL, WHMC-KC, WHMC-R– Items that begin with WHMC-[R,KC,SL]/ xxxx are in the holdings of the WHMC branches in Rolla, Kansas City, or St. Louis. (Same cautions as above.)

“This Week in Missouri History” -- In some cases, the reader is told to check “This Week in Missouri History” at a designated Internet site on the WHMC web page. The WHMC reference staff has researched these topics previously and a number of WHMC collections are already listed, so those sources are not repeated here.

2004 National History Day in Missouri Topics List
"Exploration, Encounter, Exchange in History"

Exploration

The Pioneers of Western Expansion

• WHMC-C/1212 Lyman C. Draper's Interview with Nathan Boone, 1851. This interview with Daniel Boone's youngest son includes descriptions of explorations and settlement in Missouri.
• WHMC-C/1475 Daniel Boone Papers, 1734-1820. Excerpt from Boone family bible with birth announcement of Boone, picture of Boone and land maps.
• Faragher, John Mack. Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer. New York: Holt, 1992. In depth look at Daniel Boone's life including pictures and photographs.
• Boone, Daniel. Daniel Boone: His Own Story. Francis Lister Hawks, ed. Bedford: Applewood Books, 1995. Personal accounts of Daniel Boone's life and explorations.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806) Commissioned in 1803 by President Thomas Jefferson, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark set out on the Missouri River to explore what was then known as the Louisiana Purchase. Goals for the expedition included finding an all water route to the Pacific Ocean, scouting land for American forts and trade posts, and making peace with Indian inhabitants. The expedition opened the gateway to the American West through Missouri.

• Clark Family Collection, 1766-1991, Missouri Historical Society Archives-St. Louis. MHS asks researchers to assist in the preservation of the original journals by using published versions, such as a 12 volume set: Moulton, Gary, Ed. The Journals of Lewis and Clark Expedition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986.
• “This Week In Missouri History,” (WHMC suggestions for primary sources). http://www.umsystem.edu/whmc/Mohist/aug14.html
• Clarke, Charles G. The Men of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. A biographical roster of members and a diary of activities.
• Lewis, Meriwether. The Essential Lewis and Clark. Landon Y. Jones, ed. New York: Ecco Press, 2002. Excerpts from the original journals of Lewis and Clark.
• Benson, Guy Meriwether. Lewis and Clark the Maps of Exploration, 1507-1814. Charlottesville, VA: Howell Press, 2002.

John Colter (1775-1813) A member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Colter left the expedition in 1807 to explore on his own, being the first to discover what is now Yellowstone National Park.

• WHMC-C/995 Typescript Collection. Item number 686 contains a bill of sale from an auction held in December 1813 of all property of Colter. Also includes a few brief biographical remarks.
• WHMC-C/2071 E.B. Trail Collection, 1858-1965. Folders 105-106 contain newspaper clippings, letters and notes on Colter's exploration and encounters with Indians.
• Christian, Mary Blount. Who'd Believe John Colter? New York: Macmillan, 1993. Account of John Colter's exploration.
• Vinton, Stallo. John Colter: Discoverer of Yellowstone Park. New York: Edward Eberstadt, 1926. A biographical sketch.

Pierre Laclede-Liguest (1729-1778) The founder of St. Louis, Missouri, Laclede ventured up the Mississippi in 1763 from New Orleans to establish a trading post. Choosing a site near the mouth of the Missouri, he founded a settlement in February 1764, which he named St. Louis. Laclede laid out the streets, made property assignments and governed until territorial officials arrived in October of 1765. St. Louis became a center for exchange and exploration, and today is still one of the most prominent cities in the Midwest.

• WHMC-C/2965 French & Spanish Archives, 1763-1847. This microfilm collection contains several documents from the St. Louis area during the late 1760s, concerning Laclede's dealings in property and land assignments, along with auction listings, sales receipts and other official documents.
• WHMC-C/2071 E.B. Trail Collection, 1858-1965. Folder 219 contains newspaper clippings concerning Laclede's founding of St. Louis.
• Rickey, Don. “The Old St. Louis Riverfront, 1763-1960.” Missouri Historical Review 1964 58(2): 174-190. Tells the story of Laclede's trading post and the laying out of the original town.
• Stevens, Walter B. Laclede: the Founder of St. Louis. St. Louis: 1910. A biographical sketch of Laclede.

John O'Fallon (1791-1865) John O'Fallon, from whom the city of O'Fallon, Missouri derived its name, was one of St. Louis' most interesting historical characters. He was a soldier, a businessman, a real estate owner, and a public minded citizen. He fought in the War of 1812 and later became the assistant Indian Agent to his Uncle William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He was a promoter and president of the Missouri Pacific and North Missouri Railroads. O'Fallon spent the latter years of his life in St. Louis where he was a philanthropist and educational benefactor to such institutions as St. Louis University and Washington University.

• WHMC-C/SUNP 2984 O'Fallon Family Papers. Collection contains land grants, ledgers and personal correspondence of O'Fallon to influential Missourians.
• Rowe, Mary Ellen. “A Respectable Independence: The Early Career of John O'Fallon.” Missouri Historical Review 1996 90(4): 393-409. Biography of O'Fallon's life and careers in Missouri.
• Faherty, William Barnaby. The St. Louis Irish. St. Louis, MO: Missouri Historical Society Press, 2001. A look at the impact the Irish, such as O'Fallon, had on the development of St. Louis and the surrounding areas.

Exploration in Literature, Art and Music

• WHMC-C/3702 Laura Ingalls Wilder, Little Town on the Prairie, n. d., 1950-1954. A draft manuscript of the story that became a book.
• WHMC-C/3633 Laura Ingalls Wilder Papers, 1894-1943. Collection contains handwritten manuscripts and a diary of an 1894 trip from South Dakota to Missouri.
• Zochert, Donald. Laura: The Life of Laura Ingalls Wilder. Chicago: Contemporary Books Incorporated: 1976. Biography includes photographs.
• Miller, John E. Becoming Laura Ingalls Wilder: The Woman Behind the Legend. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998. Biography that mostly emphasizes Wilder's literary works: includes photographs.

Samuel Clemens (1835-1910), or Mark Twain, was born in Florida, Missouri and later moved with his family to Hannibal, Missouri where he worked as a newspaperman and novelist until his death. Twain's strong ties to the Mississippi River-- on or near which he lived for his entire life -- is often expressed in his writings. His works, including “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” and “Huckleberry Finn,” are some of the most beloved of American literary works.

• The Mark Twain Papers & Project, The Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley. This collection contains the private papers of Clemens that he himself made available to biographers. It includes letters, journals, notebooks, scrapbooks, photographs and first edition works of Clemens. Part of the collection is published and available: The Mark Twain Papers: Mark Twain Letters. Volumes 1-6. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002; Mark Twain's Notebooks & Journals. Volumes 1-3. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975-1979.
• Kaplan, Justin. Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1966. Biography includes photographs.

Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911) A native of Hungary, Joseph Pulitzer emigrated to the United Sates in 1864 and served in the Union Army during the Civil War. He moved to St. Louis in 1868 to work as a reporter for the German-language newspaper, Westliche Post. He bought the bankrupt St. Louis Dispatch in 1878 and merged it with the Evening Post to form the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. His greatest legacy is his annual award for excellence in journalism--the Pulitzer Prize.

• WHMC-SL/60 Joseph Pulitzer Papers, 1897-1958. Collection contains papers relating to every aspect of the operation and production of his newspaper, along with personal correspondence and financial files.
• Granberg, Wilbur J. The World of Joseph Pulitzer. London: Abelard-Schuman, 1965.
• Noble, Iris. Joseph Pulitzer: Front Page Pioneer. New York: Messner, 1957.
• Csillag, Andras. “Joseph Pulitzer's Roots in Europe: A Genealogical History.” American Jewish Archives 1987 39(1): 49-68. Discusses the early years of Pulitzer.

Kate O'Flaherty Chopin (1851-1904) Born in St. Louis, Missouri to a prominent family, Katherine O' Flaherty read widely as a girl. In 1870 she married Oscar Chopin and moved to his native New Orleans, Louisiana until his death in 1882. After his death she returned to St. Louis and began to write about the Creole and Cajun people she had observed in the South. Her first novel, At Fault (1890) was undistinguished but she was later acclaimed for her finely crafted short stories of which she wrote more than 100. In 1899 Chopin published The Awakening, which was condemned in its time because of its portrayal of an interracial marriage, however it was rediscovered in the 1950s, when critics marveled at its modern sensibility and writing style. Chopin led the way for future American female authors.

• “A St. Louis Woman Who Has Won Fame in Literature.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 November 1899, (4): 1. This article written after the publication of Chopin's The Awakening, details Chopin's life and work. It includes photographs as well as a personal account of her life by Chopin.
• WHMC-C/1036 William C. Breckenridge Papers, 1752-1927. Volume 15 contains a newspaper clipping of Chopin's death notice, which includes biographical data, description of Chopin's literary work and a picture.
• The Complete Works of Kate Chopin. Per Seyersted, Ed. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1970.
• Seyersted, Per. Kate Chopin: A Critical Biography. Baton Rouge: LA State University Press, 1980.

Walt Disney (1901-1966) Walt Disney grew up in Marceline and Kansas City, Missouri. Disney was well-known for his animation and created such classical animated films as “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,” “Pinocchio,” and “Cinderella.” Disney created the first animated cartoon with sound, “Steamboat Willie,” which introduced the lovable character Mickey Mouse. Disney's exploration in new techniques of animation revolutionized the industry.

• WHMC-C /995 #139 Typescript Collection, Affidavits Concerning Walt Disney. Affidavits of family and friends include stories about the Disney home in Marceline, Missouri, and biographical information on the family, especially Walt and brother Roy.
• Watts, Steven. The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.
• Thomas, Bob. Walt Disney: An American Original. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976.
• Bogart, Michele. “Animation As Artwork”. Prospects 2000 25: 425-484. Traces the evolution of animation by examining contributions made by Walt Disney

Thomas Hart Benton (1889-1975) Thomas Hart Benton was born in Neosho, Missouri into the famous Benton family that produced such illustrious individuals as his great-uncle Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton, whose name he bore. However, instead of going into law, Benton studied art around the world and became the most important muralist in America by the 1930s. He taught at the Kansas City Art Institute until 1941. Many of his murals adorn the walls of famous Missouri buildings including the capitol building in Jefferson City.

• WHMC-C/8 Guy B. Park Papers, 1930-1936. Folder 2121 contains a letter from Nat Benton, Thomas Hart Benton's brother, to Governor Guy Park concerning the commission of the Jefferson City capital building mural paintings by Benton. Folder also includes a copy of the contract and details of the project.
• WHMC-C/2174 I. G. Morrison Papers, 1940. This collection contains a lecture given by Morrison on Benton, that includes factual data as well as retrospect of the artist's work. Also included is a letter of support from Benton.
• “This Week in Missouri History,” (WHMC suggestions for primary sources). http://www.umsystem.edu/whmc/Mohist/april15.html
• Benton, Thomas Hart. An Artist in America. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1968. An autobiography, which includes personal sketches from Benton.
• Benton, Thomas Hart. Benton Drawings. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1968. A collection of drawings by Benton.

George Caleb Bingham (1811-1879) Raised in central Missouri, Bingham found the most enduring subjects of his art in the trappers and boatmen who populated his state's great rivers, the Missouri and the Mississippi. Combining the elements of water, foliage, hazy morning light, river men, and their simple crafts, he created a sequence known as "The River Paintings."

• WHMC-C/1026 James S. Rollins Papers, 1546-1968. Includes personal correspondence between friends, Rollins and Bingham.
• Christ-Janer, Albert. George Caleb Bingham: Frontier Painter of Missouri. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc: 1975. Biographical data corresponding with photographs of his collection of paintings.
• Constant, Alberta Wilson. Paint box on the Frontier: The Life and Times of George Caleb Bingham. New York: Crowell, 1974. Biography of his work.

Scott Joplin (1868-1917) In the 1880s and 1890s, as ragtime music evolved from the African rhythms of its creators' heritage, its greatest composer, Scott Joplin, was playing the clubs and saloons in St. Louis. He moved to Sedalia, Missouri in 1896 to work at the Maple Leaf Club. He returned to St. Louis in 1901, where he published more then 50 compositions. In 1976, a special Pulitzer Prize was awarded for his opera, Treemonisha.

• WHMC-C/3204 Sanford Brunson Campbell Papers, 1947. Collection contains pamphlets on jazz & ragtime music, with photographs, along with letters concerning Joplin and his music.
• McGinty, Brian. “The King of Ragtime.” American History Illustrated 1984 19(3): 10-17. Traces the life of Joplin, and studies the resurgence of his music in the 1970s.
• Gammond, Peter. Scott Joplin and the Ragtime Era. London: Angus & Robertson, 1975. Discusses Joplin's impact on ragtime music: includes photographs.
• Curtis, Susan. Dancing to a Black Man's Tune: A Life of Scott Joplin. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994. Biography that emphasizes Joplin's musical works: includes photographs.

Celebrating the History of Exploration

• WHMC-C/3403 Bernard F. Dickmann Papers, 1895-1980. Folder 81 contains the report approved by the executive committee, which includes historical data, plans, time schedules, maps and committee minutes concerning the memorial.
• Bikle, Nancy. Museum of Westward Expansion: A Photographic Collection. St. Louis: Jefferson National Expansion Historical Association, 1977.
• Gateway to the West. St. Louis: Jefferson National Expansion Historical Association, 1970. Historical description and photographs of the construction of the memorial.

World's Fair: The Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904) Held in St. Louis Missouri from April 30 until December 1, 1904, this World's Fair celebrated the centennial of the purchase, from France, of all lands lying between the Mississippi river and the crest of the Rocky Mountains.  This Louisiana Purchase later made it possible for the United States to extend the nation's boundaries to the Pacific Ocean.

• WHMC-C/3356 Charles Monroe Reeves Papers, 1892- 1970. Reeves was a member of the committee put together to organize the St. Louis World's Fair. His papers contain various information, from newspaper clippings to financial costs, about the World's Fair.
• Hendershott, Robert. The 1904 St. Louis World's Fair: The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Mementos and Memorabilia. Wisconsin: Krueger Publishing, 1994. A collection of photographs of artifacts from the fair.
• Bennitt, Mark. History of Louisiana Purchase Exposition. New York: Arno Press, 1976 [c.1905]. A historical account of the events leading up to the fair, as well as the fair itself including maps and photographs.

Arrow Rock State Historic Site (1829-present) Named after the Arrow Rock bluff where Native Americans gathered flint to make arrowheads, Arrow Rock, Missouri is rich in significant Missouri encounters. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition noted the bluff and nearby salt licks. In 1821, a party of men crossed the Missouri river near Arrow Rock ferry, successfully opening a trade route with Santa Fe, New Mexico. Finally in 1829, westbound explorers and travelers founded a town on the bluff above the ferry crossing. Its situation on the Missouri River and Santa Fe Trail meant that large numbers of travelers heading west passed through the town. Some of Arrow Rock's most famous features are the Old Tavern, The Lyceum Theater and the replicated general store, Huston Store.

• WHMC-C/1090 Arrow Rock Tavern Register, 1859-1861. This register from the Old Tavern features the names of such occupants as Kit Carson and the sons of Nathan Boone.
• WHMC-C/3551 US Work Projects Administration, Historical Records Survey, 1935-1942. Folder 19533 contains location and historical information on the town of Arrow Rock.
• Rainey, Thomas. Along the Old Trail: Pioneer Sketches of Arrow Rock and Vicinity. Marshall, MO: Marshall Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, 1914.

Scientific Exploration

• WHMC-C/848 Mary Paxton Keeley Papers, 1830-1983. Keeley was a reporter for the Kansas City Post. Folder 279 contains a newspaper clipping of Keeley's interview with Carver.
• McMurry, Linda O. George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
• Jenkins, Edward S. “Impact of Social Conditions: A Study of the Work of American Black Scientists and Inventors.” Journal of Black Studies 1984 14(4): 477-491. Discusses the racial boundaries Carver had to overcome in his research.
• Mackintosh, Barry. “George Washington Carver and the Peanut: New Light on A Much Loved Myth.” American Heritage 1977 28(5): 66-73. A look at Carver's work and success.
• This Iowa State University site includes a list of resources: http://www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/gwc/resources.html

Arthur Holly Compton (1892-1962) Arthur H. Compton was an American physicist and Nobel laureate whose studies of X-rays led to his discovery, in 1922, of the Compton effect, which confirmed that electromagnetic radiation had wave and particle properties, a central principle of quantum theory. He won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1927. He was the chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis from 1945-1953, and after 1954 was a natural philosophy professor there.

• Arthur Holly Compton Papers, 1905-1962, Washington University Libraries. The papers consist of personal correspondence files, lecture and research notes, diaries and journals, publications, biographical data and memorabilia.
• WHMC-C/293 Lloyd C. Stark Papers, 1941-1972. Folder 137 contains an abstract from Compton's speech “Cosmic Rays and New Horizons” presented to the St. Louis Academy of Science on 15 January 1946.
• Compton, Arthur H. X-rays in Theory and Experiment. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1935. Describes Compton's work on X-rays.
• Allison, Samuel King. Arthur Holly Compton. New York: National Academy of Sciences, 1965. A biographical sketch of Compton and his work.

Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine (KCOM) (founded in 1892) Located in Kirksville, Missouri, KCOM is the founding college of the osteopathic profession. Founded by Andrew Taylor Still as the American School of Osteopathy, KCOM has watched the osteopathic medical profession grow to include 16 colleges of osteopathic medicine. Since its beginnings, KCOM has set the standards for the practice of preventive, holistic, family medicine, and continues to be an innovator and pioneer in the osteopathic medical profession.

• WHMC-C/8 Guy B. Park, 1930-1936. Folder 1528 contains correspondence on state licenses, public health contributions and legislation concerning KCOM and Board of Osteopathic Medicine.
• WHMC-C/2177 Kirksville College of Osteopathy and Surgery, “Notes on the Journal of Osteopathy, 1894-1964.” This collection gives history and purpose of the Journal of Osteopathy.
• Walter, Georgia Ann Warner. The First School of Osteopathic Medicine: A Chronicle. Kirksville, MO: Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1992.
• Denslow, John Stedman. The Early Years of Research at the Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine. Kirksville, MO: KCOM Press, 1982.

John Sappington (1776-1856) John Sappington lived in Arrow Rock, Missouri where he was an entrepreneur and pioneer doctor. He was one of the first doctors to use quinine to treat fevers, especially malaria. A nonconformist, Dr. Sappington attacked the common practice of bloodletting and began treating patients successfully with his own “Dr. Sappington's Anti-Fever Pills.”

• WHMC-C/1027 John Sappington Collection, 1803-1887. This collection contains correspondence and miscellaneous papers largely concentrating on Sappington's anti-fever medicine business.
• “This Week in Missouri History,” (WHMC suggestions for primary sources). http://www.umsystem.edu/whmc/Mohist/may15.html
• Sappington, John. The Theory and Treatment of Fevers. Arrow Rock, MO: Published by the Author, 1844.
• Hall, Thomas B. Dr. John Sappington of Saline County, Missouri, 1776-1856. Arrow Rock, MO: Friends of Arrow Rock, 1986.

Encounter

The World Encounters Missouri

• WHMC-C/SUNP 2487 Gottfried Duden, A Report of a Journey to the Western States of North America, 1829. An English translation of the report that influenced German immigration.
• WHMC-C/1460 William G. Bek Notebook, 1866. Sample documents such as accounts, notes, and receipts to help immigrants acquaint themselves with American legal documents.
• Mallinckrodt, Anita M. Why They Left: German Immigration from Prussia to Missouri. Washington D.C.: Mallinckrodt Communications Research, 1988. Includes maps and statistics on German immigration.

The Mormon War (1831-1838) One of the saddest episodes in Missouri History, the Mormon War grew out of a smoldering conflict of some seven years' duration between members of the religious group known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, also known as Mormons, and their neighbors along the western Missouri frontier. After being led by Joseph Smith to Jackson County, Missouri, the Mormons, who made up a third of the population there, faced ridicule for their strong religious and political views. Fearing they might try to take over the county, residents reacted in repeated mob violence, which eventually led to the imprisonment of Mormon leader, Joseph Smith, and forcing the Mormons out of Jackson County and Missouri.

• WHMC-C/2956 George Frederick Bollinger Letter, 1838. Contains a personal account and details of the politics of the Mormon War.
• WHMC-C/2690 Missouri, Boone County Circuit Court Records, 1839. Folders 2 and 7 contain indictments from the trials of Mormon leaders, including Joseph Smith, on the charges of treason and murder for their actions during the Mormon War.
• Le Sueur, Stephen. The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. London; Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1990. Detailed history of the Mormon encounter in Missouri before and after the war: includes some photographs of Mormon leaders.
• Guide to the Mormon War Papers, 1838-1841. Jefferson City, MO: State of Missouri Office of Secretary of State, Records Management and Archives Service, 1980.

Fort Zumwalt-War of 1812 The 45-acre Fort Zumwalt State Park, located about two miles southwest of the town of O'Fallon, contains the remains of the old fort which originally was Jacob Zumwalt's residence, erected in 1798. Fort Zumwalt was the site of the first battle of the War of 1812 fought in Missouri between the St. Louis army and the British/Indian troops. In 1817, after the war, Major Nathan Heald and his wife, Rebecca, purchased the fort and surrounding land. It remained in the family's hands for over 100 years before it was eventually bought by the state.

• Maps of the War of 1812, Missouri Historical Society Archives-St. Louis. These maps drawn by John Melish in 1813 give the location of forts, battle sites, movement of both American and British troops. Also includes official documents used by the British army during the war.
• WHMC-C/3551 U.S. Work Projects Administration, Historical Records Survey Missouri, 1935-1942. Folders 18051, 18063, 18064 contain historical information on when, where and for what purpose Fort Zumwalt was built.
• “Missouri Forts in the War of 1812.” Missouri Historical Review April 1932 26(3): 281-293.
• Bryan, William Smith. A History of the Pioneer Families. St. Louis: Bryan Band & Co., 1876. This book contains information on brothers, Jacob and Christopher Zumwalt, who traveled to Missouri together.

Trail of Tears (1838) In 1838, U. S. troops forced more than 13,000 Cherokee Indians from their homelands in North Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee, to walk 1,200 miles to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). In Missouri, the Trail of Tears crossed the Mississippi River in to Cape Girardeau and wound north and west through Rolla, and south through Springfield. The route was treacherous and took place during the bitter winter months. One-fourth of the Cherokees died on the journey.

• WHMC-C/2970 U.S. Superintendency of Indian Affairs, St. Louis, Records, 1824-1851. This collection includes papers dealing with the policy for moving Indians west of the Mississippi.
• WHMC-C/2051 Morrow, W.I.I. (1802-1876), Papers, 1839, 1852. Copy of a day by day account of the journey of Morrow, attending physician to a party of emigrating Cherokee Indians, February- March, 1839.
• Ehle, John. Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. New York: Anchor Books, 1989.
• Ellis, Jerry. Walking the Trail: One Man's Journey along the Cherokee Trail of Tears. New York: Delacorte Press, 1991.

Missouri Encounters the World

• WHMC-C/575 Missouri Council of Defense Papers, 1917-1919. Contains copies of correspondence of the council along with published bulletins.
• “This Week in Missouri History,” (WHMC suggestions for primary sources). http://www.umsystem.edu/whmc/Mohist/april24.html
• Mumford, F. B. Final Report of the Missouri Council of Defense. Missouri: State Council of Defense, 1919.
• Beaver, Daniel R. Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, 1917-1919. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966. A look at efforts at home by Americans to support troops during WWI: includes pictures.

Thomas Dooley (1927-1961) Born in St. Louis, MO in 1927, Dooley spent his youth studying the piano. Later, he discovered a love of medicine and enrolled in Notre Dame for undergraduate studies. Inspired by family events, he volunteered for the Navy as a Medical Corpsmen in 1944. He was honorably discharged and joined the Naval Reserves while receiving his medical degree from St. Louis University in 1953. Inspired by his participation in Vietnam refugee camps and hospitals, Dooley established the Medical International Cooperation Organization (MEDICO), which sought to provide person-to-person medical service to the villagers of foreign lands. Dooley also became an award-winning author before his death from cancer in 1961.

• WHMC-SL/464 Thomas Dooley Papers, 1932-1988. Documents family history, education and work including photos, correspondence and copies of Dooley's books.
• St. Louis University, University Archives, Dr. Thomas A. Dooley Collection, 1950-1968. Collection contains scrapbooks, photographs and audio-visual materials of the medical missionary.
• Fisher, James Terrence. Dr. America: The Lives of Thomas Dooley, 1927-1961. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997. Look at his life and work in Southeast Asia.
• Elliott, Lawrence. The Legacy of Tom Dooley. New York: World Publishing Company, 1969. Discusses the impact of Dooley's work after his death: includes photographs.

Winston Churchill's (1874-1965) “Iron Curtain” Speech (March 5, 1946) Shortly after the end of World War II, Winston Churchill toured the United States with President Truman. He delivered this speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri after accepting an honorary degree. In his speech he warns of the threat of Communism. With typical oratorical skills, Churchill introduced the phrase "Iron Curtain" to describe the division between Western powers and the area controlled by the Soviet Union. As such the speech marks the onset of the Cold War.

• WHMC-C/3486 Vance Julian Scrapbooks, 1943-1950. Volume 3 contains photographs on Churchill's visit to Fulton taken by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Also includes an invitation to see Churchill speak, a copy of the program of the ceremony and a map of Westminster College where the ceremony was held.
• Warren, Spencer. “Churchill's Realism: Reflections on the Fulton Speech.” National Interest 1995-1996 (42): 38-49.
• Rossi, John P. “Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech: Forty Years After.” Modern Age 1986 30(2): 113-119.
• Longford, Elizabeth. Winston Churchill: A Pictorial Life Story. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1974.
• Dilks, David. Sir Winston Churchill. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1965.

Missourians Encounter Each Other

• WHMC-C/1748 Sterling Price Proclamation, 1861. A mass-produced proclamation “To the People of Central and North Missouri” in which General Price pleads for the enlistment of 50,000 men to defend the Southern cause.
• Castel, Albert. General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968.
• Hinton, Richard J. Rebel Invasion of Missouri and Kansas and the Campaign of the Army of the Border Against General Sterling Price. Chicago: Church & Goodman, 1865.
• Brownlee, Richard S. “The Battle of Pilot Knob, Iron County, Missouri, September 27, 1864.” Missouri Historical Review 1998 92(3): 271-296. An account of General Price's invasion of Iron County, Missouri.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Activities in Columbia, Missouri, 1960-1964. An American civil rights organization founded in 1942 by Civil rights leader James Leonard Farmer, CORE's purpose was to create a society in which “race or creed will be neither asset nor handicap.” In the early 1960s, CORE organized sit-ins and demonstrations to end segregation in Columbia restaurants and in University of Missouri fraternities.

• WHMC-C/2508 Congress of Racial Equality, Columbia, Missouri Papers 1959-1964. Contains correspondence, newspaper clippings, photographs, and reports relating to integration in Columbia—specifically, a program carried out in 1961 to test integration of public accommodations.
• Meier, August and Elliot Rudwick. “How CORE Began.” Social Science Quarterly 1969 49(4): 789-799.
• Meier, August and Elliot Rudwick. CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.

Exchange

Trade and Communication in the West

• WHMC-C/2627 Robidoux Family Papers, 1853-1873. Documentation of trade and government in St. Joseph establishment. Also includes personal anecdotes and correspondence of Joseph Robidoux.
• WHMC-C/1986 Joseph Robidoux Deed, 1851. Deed to lands sold and inherited by Robidoux family in St. Joseph.
• Davis, Robyn L. and Marshall White. Images of America: St. Joseph Missouri A Postcard History. Charleston: Arcadia, 1999. Historical account of the founding of St. Joseph through photographs and pictures.
• Willoughby, Robert J. Robidoux's Town: A Nineteenth-Century History of St. Joseph, Missouri. Westphalia: Westphalia Publishing, 1997. Includes maps of settlement and photographs of founder.

Missouri Fur Company (1812-1817) Established in 1812 by Manuel Lisa, the Missouri Fur Company became the chief manufacturing, trading and selling Fur Company of the Mid-West. Despite its later bankruptcy, it was a direct competitor to the great Rocky Mountain Fur Company.

• WHMC-C/2969 U.S. Superintendency of Indian Affairs, St. Louis Records, 1807-1855. Volumes 30 and 33 contain records from the Missouri Fur Company from 1812-1814.
• Sunder, John E. Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri: 1840-1865. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965. Includes important historical photographs, dates and places.
• Vandiver, Clarence A. The Fur Trade and Early Western Exploration. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1929. Accounts of fur trading expeditions.

Santa Fe Trail (1821-1843) By 1830, Independence Missouri became the starting point for this trail that stretched into Mexican territory. The Santa Fe Trail not only allowed for direct Missouri trade with the southwest and the growth of Missouri cities, but also allowed for American pioneers to develop techniques for traveling great distance overland. The Santa Fe Trail became one of the longest commercial routes in the country in the pre-railroad days.

• WHMC-C/1013 Abiel Leonard Papers. Folders 29-57 include letters, account books and maps relating to the official survey of the Santa Fe Trail in 1825. Correspondence between two of the commissioners, George Sibley and Benjamin Reeves, discuss who to hire and what to take on the journey. Also includes hand-drawn maps of the trip.
• WHMC-R/388 Billie Crawford Diary, 1878. Diary of an overland journey from St. Clair County, Missouri to Arizona along the Santa Fe Trail.
• Santa Fe Trail: Official Map and Guide. National Park Service, Department of the Interior, 1995.
• Dary, David. The Santa Fe Trail: Its History, Legends and Lore. New York: AA Knopf, 2001. Using personal accounts, it depicts a detailed account of life on the trail for travelers.

Pony Express (1860-1861) The Pony Express, the mail service operating between St. Joseph, Missouri and Sacramento, California, was inaugurated on April 3, 1860 under the direction of the Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Express Company. At the time, regular mail delivery took up to three weeks to cross the continent. The Pony Express carried mail rapidly overland on horseback the nearly 2000 miles in ten days. Eventually the Pony Express had more than 100 stations, 80 riders and between 400 and 500 horses. The express route was dangerous, but only one mail delivery was ever lost. The regular Pony Express service was discontinued in October 1861, after the Pacific Telegraph Company completed its line to San Francisco.

• WHMC-C/995 #665 St. Joseph Daily Gazette, 1860. This item is a copy of the original April 3 edition of the newspaper, which was sent by the first Pony Express riders.
• WHMC-C/86 Corby Family Papers, 1804-1905. This collection contains Central Overland California and Pike's Peak Express Company Bills from 1861 for services rendered as a Pony Express rider.
• WHMC-C/3457 Overland Mail Centennial Scrapbook, 1958. Articles and pictures contained within the collection give details of overland mail services.
• Bradley, Glenn. The Story of the Pony Express. San Rafael, CA: Pony Express History and Art Gallery, 1964.

Exchanging Ideas

• WHMC-C/995 Vol. XIII 385 Susan Elizabeth Blow Letter, 1892. This is a letter from Blow to William T. Harris of Cazenovia giving biographical information on her.
• Blow, Susan E. Educational Issues in the Kindergarten. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1908.
• Troen, Selwyn K. “Operation Headstart: The Beginnings of the Public School Kindergarten Movement.” Missouri Historical Review 1972 66(2): 211-229.
• Corbett, Katharine T. In Her Place: A Guide to St. Louis Women's History. St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1999. Includes biographical information for Blow.

Founding of the University of Missouri (1839) In February of 1839, the Geyer Act was passed by the Missouri State General Assembly. This legislation ordered that “A University is hereby instituted in this State.” At this time, the University of Missouri was the only institution of higher learning west of the Mississippi River. It was determined that the University should be located in one of several central Missouri counties at a site near the Missouri River. A spirited competition ensued among several of the counties to raise the most money and land for the University. Boone County amassed the most money, and its leading city, Columbia, was chosen as the site. 

• President's Office; James C. Olson; Administrative and Professional Records, 1984-1987, University Archives, UM-System. This collection contains photographs and negatives compiled to illustrate the complete history of the University of Missouri.
• “This Week in Missouri History,” (WHMC suggestions for primary sources). http://www.umsystem.edu/whmc/Mohist/dec18.html
• Stephens, Frank Fletcher. A History of the University of Missouri. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1962.
• Viles, Jonas. The University of Missouri: A Centennial History. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1939.

Missouri Gazette (1808-1919) The Missouri Gazette was the first newspaper in Missouri. It was first published on July 12, 1808, by Joseph Charless in St. Louis, Missouri. Early copies of the Gazette were printed in English and French so that all settlers might enjoy it. During the years the paper was published it had many names such as the Louisiana Gazette and the Missouri Gazette and Illinois Advertiser. Charless eventually sold out to James Cummins, who, in 1822, sold the paper to Edward Charless, Joseph's oldest son. Edward changed the name of the paper to the Missouri Republican. The paper became associated with some of the greatest Missouri journalists, and continued to bring news from the frontier to the cities and vice versa until it's last issue on December 4, 1919.

• WHMC-C/1424 Walter Barlow Stevens Scrapbooks, 1848-1939. Stevens, a reporter, made a collection of scrapbooks some of which contain early copies of the Missouri Gazette.
• “This Week in Missouri History,” (WHMC suggestions for primary sources). http://www.umsystem.edu/whmc/Mohist/july12.html
• Birkhead, Bailey E. A Study of the Missouri Gazette Through The Editorship of Its Founder Joseph Charless. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1945.
• McMurtrie, Douglas. Joseph Charless: Pioneer Printer of St. Louis. Chicago: Ludlow Typograph Company, 1931.